A recent study at the International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya has demonstrated a strong association between poverty, hunger, livestock keeping, and zoonoses. It further revealed that the existing disease reporting systems do not adequately capture the impact of zoonoses. There is much unpublished information in grey literature of developing countries. Across a range of zoonoses burden, poverty burden, and reliance on livestock, the most important hotspots for poverty, emerging livestock systems and zoonoses are in South Asia (India > Bangladesh > Pakistan), followed by East and Central Africa (Ethiopia > Nigeria > Congo DR > Tanzania > Sudan), South East Asia (China > Indonesia > Myanmar > Vietnam) and West Africa (Burkina Faso > Mali > Ghana). The study confirmed that a relatively small number of countries have a disproportionate share of poor livestock keepers and zoonoses burden, notably India, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.
The scientists identified and prioritized 56 zoonoses of high importance that are responsible for an estimated 2.7 human million deaths and around 2.5 billion cases of human illness a year. For the top 13 zoonoses, the figures were 2.2 million human deaths and 2.4 billion cases of illness. These diseases are most important to poor livestock keepers because of their impacts on human health, livestock sector, amenability to agriculture-based control, and other criteria. These diseases in descending order include: zoonotic gastrointestinal disease, leptospirosis, cysticercosis, zoonotic tuberculosis, rabies, leishmaniasis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, Q fever, zoonotic trypanosomosis, hepatitis E, and anthrax). In the case of bacterial foodborne zoonoses, they identified five diseases, which ranked highest on a number of recent assessments of impact. These included salmonellosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, campylobacteriosis and disease caused by diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli.
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